| Application |
Data |
Applications access network services |
HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, SMTP, SNMP, Telnet, and DNS |
- |
| Presentation |
Data |
Encryption and compression of data |
Encryption, ASCII, EBCDIC, TIFF, GIF, PICT, JPEG, MPEG |
- |
| Session |
Data |
Connection management b/w nodes |
API, Sockets, RPC, SQL, NFS |
- |
| Transport |
Segment |
Maintains data flow during transmission |
TCP and UDP |
- |
| Network |
Packet |
Determine the path for data transfer |
IP |
Routers, Layer 3 switches |
| Data |
Frame |
Connect physical nodes for transfer |
MAC |
Network switches, NICs |
| Physical |
Bit |
Transfers raw bits using physical nodes |
|
Network cables (Ethernet, coaxial), repeaters, hubs, modems, physical n/w interfaces |